Used and new Tractor units IVECO Stralis 440 4x2, gearbox: automatic, air conditioner for sale on Truck1
International - English | EUR
For seller
Add your companyPromotion servicesPaid services pricingContact support
LeasingExhibitions
More
About Truck1BlogMakes & SpecsSellers
00
Sign in or register
Catalogue
Place an adI am looking for...
For seller
Add your companyPromotion servicesPaid services pricingContact support
LeasingExhibitions
More
About Truck1BlogMakes & SpecsSellers
For seller
For seller Add your companyPromotion servicesPaid services pricingContact support
LeasingExhibitions
More
More About Truck1BlogMakes & SpecsSellers
International - English | EUR
Place an ad
I am looking for...

Tractor units IVECO Stralis 440
4x2, gearbox: automatic, air conditioner

Results found: 35
See Tractor units for lease
26
Sort by
Sort by
Relevance
Date - new ads first
Date - old ads first
Price - low to high
Price - high to low
Year of manufacture - new first
Year of manufacture - old first
Brand, model
1 / 2
IVECO
Stralis 440
4x2
Air conditioner
Automatic
Iveco Stralis AS440S50 Active Space, Euro 6, / ADR / Blower Drum, ADR - Tractor unit: picture 1
Iveco Stralis AS440S50 Active Space, Euro 6, / ADR / Blower Drum, ADR - Tractor unit: picture 2
Iveco Stralis AS440S50 Active Space, Euro 6, / ADR / Blower Drum, ADR - Tractor unit: picture 3
Iveco Stralis AS440S50 Active Space, Euro 6, / ADR / Blower Drum, ADR - Tractor unit: picture 4
Iveco Stralis AS440S50 Active Space, Euro 6, / ADR / Blower Drum, ADR - Tractor unit: picture 5
See all photos (10)

Iveco Stralis AS440S50 Active Space, Euro 6, / ADR / Blower Drum, ADR

Tractor unit
2014857958 km4x2Euro 6440 hpPayload: 11941 kgGross weight: 19800 kg
Netherlands, Hanzepoort 25E 7575 DB Oldenzaal Netherlands
Published: 4dReference number 4748

11 450EUR

Price excl. VAT

  • ≈ 13 019 USD
  • ≈ 9 723 GBP
2014857958 km4x2Euro 6440 hpPayload: 11941 kgGross weight: 19800 kg
Netherlands, Hanzepoort 25E 7575 DB Oldenzaal Netherlands
Heisterkamp Used Trucks B.V.
12
Contact the seller
IVECO Stralis AT440S40T/P Euro6 Intarder Klima ZV - Tractor unit: picture 1
IVECO Stralis AT440S40T/P Euro6 Intarder Klima ZV - Tractor unit: picture 2
IVECO Stralis AT440S40T/P Euro6 Intarder Klima ZV - Tractor unit: picture 3
IVECO Stralis AT440S40T/P Euro6 Intarder Klima ZV - Tractor unit: picture 4
IVECO Stralis AT440S40T/P Euro6 Intarder Klima ZV - Tractor unit: picture 5
See all photos (12)

IVECO Stralis AT440S40T/P Euro6 Intarder Klima ZV

Tractor unit
2018408950 km4x2Euro 6399 hpPayload: 10890 kgGross weight: 18000 kg
Switzerland, Industriestrasse 20, 5604, Hendschiken, Switzerland
Published: 16dReference number GT240158H

31 970,54EUR

Price excl. VAT

  • ≈ 36 353,08 USD
  • ≈ 27 148,31 GBP
2018408950 km4x2Euro 6399 hpPayload: 10890 kgGross weight: 18000 kg
Switzerland, Industriestrasse 20, 5604, Hendschiken, Switzerland
IVECO PRE-OWNED Center Switzerland
5
I
Contact the seller
Iveco Stralis AS 440 S 46 T/P | Retarder*Hydraulik*AC - Tractor unit: picture 1
Iveco Stralis AS 440 S 46 T/P | Retarder*Hydraulik*AC - Tractor unit: picture 2
Iveco Stralis AS 440 S 46 T/P | Retarder*Hydraulik*AC - Tractor unit: picture 3
Iveco Stralis AS 440 S 46 T/P | Retarder*Hydraulik*AC - Tractor unit: picture 4
Iveco Stralis AS 440 S 46 T/P | Retarder*Hydraulik*AC - Tractor unit: picture 5
See all photos (10)

Iveco Stralis AS 440 S 46 T/P | Retarder*Hydraulik*AC

Tractor unit
20111115100 km4x2460 hpGross weight: 18000 kg
Germany, 3 - K Weg 7, DE-28816 Stuhr, Germany
Published: 22dReference number 0828/25

8 500EUR

Price excl. VAT

  • ≈ 9 665 USD
  • ≈ 7 218 GBP
20111115100 km4x2460 hpGross weight: 18000 kg
Germany, 3 - K Weg 7, DE-28816 Stuhr, Germany
Eschen Nutzfahrzeuge GmbH
15
Contact the seller
Iveco Stralis AS440S40 LNG Natural Power - Tractor unit: picture 1
Iveco Stralis AS440S40 LNG Natural Power - Tractor unit: picture 2
Iveco Stralis AS440S40 LNG Natural Power - Tractor unit: picture 3
Iveco Stralis AS440S40 LNG Natural Power - Tractor unit: picture 4
Iveco Stralis AS440S40 LNG Natural Power - Tractor unit: picture 5
See all photos (15)

Iveco Stralis AS440S40 LNG Natural Power

Tractor unit
2017559790 km4x2Euro 6400 hp
Belgium, BE
Published: 1mo 4dReference number 21122034

14 850EUR

Price excl. VAT

  • ≈ 16 885 USD
  • ≈ 12 610 GBP
2017559790 km4x2Euro 6400 hp
Belgium, BE
Degroote Trucks & Trailers
20
Contact the seller
Iveco Stralis AS440S40 LNG Natural Power - Tractor unit: picture 1
Iveco Stralis AS440S40 LNG Natural Power - Tractor unit: picture 2
Iveco Stralis AS440S40 LNG Natural Power - Tractor unit: picture 3
Iveco Stralis AS440S40 LNG Natural Power - Tractor unit: picture 4
Iveco Stralis AS440S40 LNG Natural Power - Tractor unit: picture 5
See all photos (10)

Iveco Stralis AS440S40 LNG Natural Power

Tractor unit
2017607663 km4x2Euro 6400 hp
Belgium, BE
Published: 1mo 4dReference number 21122038

14 850EUR

Price excl. VAT

  • ≈ 16 885 USD
  • ≈ 12 610 GBP
2017607663 km4x2Euro 6400 hp
Belgium, BE
Degroote Trucks & Trailers
20
Contact the seller
Iveco Stralis AS440S40 LNG Natural Power - Tractor unit: picture 1
Iveco Stralis AS440S40 LNG Natural Power - Tractor unit: picture 2
Iveco Stralis AS440S40 LNG Natural Power - Tractor unit: picture 3
Iveco Stralis AS440S40 LNG Natural Power - Tractor unit: picture 4
Iveco Stralis AS440S40 LNG Natural Power - Tractor unit: picture 5
See all photos (13)

Iveco Stralis AS440S40 LNG Natural Power

Tractor unit
2017631549 km4x2Euro 6400 hp
Belgium, BE
Published: 1mo 4dReference number 21122036

14 850EUR

Price excl. VAT

  • ≈ 16 885 USD
  • ≈ 12 610 GBP
2017631549 km4x2Euro 6400 hp
Belgium, BE
Degroote Trucks & Trailers
20
Contact the seller
Iveco Stralis AS440S40 LNG Natural Power - Tractor unit: picture 1
Iveco Stralis AS440S40 LNG Natural Power - Tractor unit: picture 2
Iveco Stralis AS440S40 LNG Natural Power - Tractor unit: picture 3
Iveco Stralis AS440S40 LNG Natural Power - Tractor unit: picture 4
Iveco Stralis AS440S40 LNG Natural Power - Tractor unit: picture 5
See all photos (16)

Iveco Stralis AS440S40 LNG Natural Power

Tractor unit
2017634697 km4x2Euro 6400 hp
Belgium, BE
Published: 1mo 4dReference number 21122037

14 850EUR

Price excl. VAT

  • ≈ 16 885 USD
  • ≈ 12 610 GBP
2017634697 km4x2Euro 6400 hp
Belgium, BE
Degroote Trucks & Trailers
20
Contact the seller
Iveco Stralis AS440 LNG - Tractor unit: picture 1
Iveco Stralis AS440 LNG - Tractor unit: picture 2
Iveco Stralis AS440 LNG - Tractor unit: picture 3
Iveco Stralis AS440 LNG - Tractor unit: picture 4
Iveco Stralis AS440 LNG - Tractor unit: picture 5
See all photos (20)

Iveco Stralis AS440 LNG

Tractor unit
New2021495500 km4x2Euro 6460 hpGross weight: 18000 kg
Germany, Ohmstr. 6, D-76229 Karlsruhe, Germany
Published: 1mo 21dReference number C439913

23 500EUR

Price excl. VAT

  • ≈ 26 721 USD
  • ≈ 19 955 GBP
New2021495500 km4x2Euro 6460 hpGross weight: 18000 kg
Germany, Ohmstr. 6, D-76229 Karlsruhe, Germany
Knirsch Kraftfahrzeuge GmbH
14
Contact the seller
IVECO Stralis AS440S42T/P - Tractor unit: picture 1
IVECO Stralis AS440S42T/P - Tractor unit: picture 2
IVECO Stralis AS440S42T/P - Tractor unit: picture 3
IVECO Stralis AS440S42T/P - Tractor unit: picture 4
IVECO Stralis AS440S42T/P - Tractor unit: picture 5
See all photos (7)

IVECO Stralis AS440S42T/P

Tractor unit
2014702022 km4x2Euro 6419 hpPayload: 9758 kgGross weight: 18000 kg
Croatia, Karlovacka 98, 10250 Zagreb, Croatia
Published: 1mo 26dReference number V25680

12 000EUR

Price excl. VAT

  • ≈ 13 645 USD
  • ≈ 10 190 GBP
2014702022 km4x2Euro 6419 hpPayload: 9758 kgGross weight: 18000 kg
Croatia, Karlovacka 98, 10250 Zagreb, Croatia
BENUSSI d.o.o.
4
I
Contact the seller
IVECO Stralis AS440S48T/FP-LT XP - Tractor unit: picture 1
IVECO Stralis AS440S48T/FP-LT XP - Tractor unit: picture 2
IVECO Stralis AS440S48T/FP-LT XP - Tractor unit: picture 3
IVECO Stralis AS440S48T/FP-LT XP - Tractor unit: picture 4
IVECO Stralis AS440S48T/FP-LT XP - Tractor unit: picture 5
See all photos (15)

IVECO Stralis AS440S48T/FP-LT XP

Tractor unit
2017383100 km4x2Euro 6479 hpGross weight: 18000 kg
Bulgaria, Okolovrasten pat str. 757, 1336 Sofia, Bulgaria
Published: 2mo 19dReference number SIT_HIGH3825

43 000EUR

Price excl. VAT

  • ≈ 48 895 USD
  • ≈ 36 514 GBP
2017383100 km4x2Euro 6479 hpGross weight: 18000 kg
Bulgaria, Okolovrasten pat str. 757, 1336 Sofia, Bulgaria
BULAUTO BULGARIA AD
1
I
Contact the seller
IVECO Stralis AS440S48T/FP-LT XP - Tractor unit: picture 1
IVECO Stralis AS440S48T/FP-LT XP - Tractor unit: picture 2
IVECO Stralis AS440S48T/FP-LT XP - Tractor unit: picture 3
IVECO Stralis AS440S48T/FP-LT XP - Tractor unit: picture 4
IVECO Stralis AS440S48T/FP-LT XP - Tractor unit: picture 5
See all photos (15)

IVECO Stralis AS440S48T/FP-LT XP

Tractor unit
2017361500 km4x2Euro 6479 hpGross weight: 18000 kg
Bulgaria, Okolovrasten pat str. 757, 1336 Sofia, Bulgaria
Published: 2mo 19dReference number SIT_HIGH3842

43 500EUR

Price excl. VAT

  • ≈ 49 463 USD
  • ≈ 36 939 GBP
2017361500 km4x2Euro 6479 hpGross weight: 18000 kg
Bulgaria, Okolovrasten pat str. 757, 1336 Sofia, Bulgaria
BULAUTO BULGARIA AD
1
I
Contact the seller
IVECO Stralis AS440S48T/P - Tractor unit: picture 1
IVECO Stralis AS440S48T/P - Tractor unit: picture 2
IVECO Stralis AS440S48T/P - Tractor unit: picture 3
IVECO Stralis AS440S48T/P - Tractor unit: picture 4
IVECO Stralis AS440S48T/P - Tractor unit: picture 5
See all photos (5)

IVECO Stralis AS440S48T/P

Tractor unit
2018398706 km4x2Euro 6479 hpGross weight: 18000 kg
Bulgaria, Okolovrasten pat str. 757, 1336 Sofia, Bulgaria
Published: 2mo 19dReference number SIT_HIGH4532

38 000EUR

Price excl. VAT

  • ≈ 43 209 USD
  • ≈ 32 268 GBP
2018398706 km4x2Euro 6479 hpGross weight: 18000 kg
Bulgaria, Okolovrasten pat str. 757, 1336 Sofia, Bulgaria
BULAUTO BULGARIA AD
1
I
Contact the seller
IVECO Stralis AS440S48T/FP-LT XP - Tractor unit: picture 1
IVECO Stralis AS440S48T/FP-LT XP - Tractor unit: picture 2
IVECO Stralis AS440S48T/FP-LT XP - Tractor unit: picture 3
IVECO Stralis AS440S48T/FP-LT XP - Tractor unit: picture 4
IVECO Stralis AS440S48T/FP-LT XP - Tractor unit: picture 5
See all photos (15)

IVECO Stralis AS440S48T/FP-LT XP

Tractor unit
2017346200 km4x2Euro 6479 hpGross weight: 18000 kg
Bulgaria, Okolovrasten pat str. 757, 1336 Sofia, Bulgaria
Published: 3mo 9dReference number SIT_HIGH3829

45 000EUR

Price excl. VAT

  • ≈ 51 169 USD
  • ≈ 38 213 GBP
2017346200 km4x2Euro 6479 hpGross weight: 18000 kg
Bulgaria, Okolovrasten pat str. 757, 1336 Sofia, Bulgaria
BULAUTO BULGARIA AD
1
I
Contact the seller
IVECO Stralis AS440S46T/P - Tractor unit: picture 1
IVECO Stralis AS440S46T/P - Tractor unit: picture 2
IVECO Stralis AS440S46T/P - Tractor unit: picture 3
IVECO Stralis AS440S46T/P - Tractor unit: picture 4
IVECO Stralis AS440S46T/P - Tractor unit: picture 5
See all photos (6)

IVECO Stralis AS440S46T/P

Tractor unit
2017327650 km4x2Euro 6459 hpGross weight: 18000 kg
Bulgaria, Okolovrasten pat str. 757, 1336 Sofia, Bulgaria
Published: 3mo 9dReference number SIT_HIGH4361

36 500EUR

Price excl. VAT

  • ≈ 41 504 USD
  • ≈ 30 995 GBP
2017327650 km4x2Euro 6459 hpGross weight: 18000 kg
Bulgaria, Okolovrasten pat str. 757, 1336 Sofia, Bulgaria
BULAUTO BULGARIA AD
1
I
Contact the seller
IVECO Stralis AS440S46T/FPLT mit Kipphydraulik Euro6 ZV - Tractor unit: picture 1
IVECO Stralis AS440S46T/FPLT mit Kipphydraulik Euro6 ZV - Tractor unit: picture 2
IVECO Stralis AS440S46T/FPLT mit Kipphydraulik Euro6 ZV - Tractor unit: picture 3
IVECO Stralis AS440S46T/FPLT mit Kipphydraulik Euro6 ZV - Tractor unit: picture 4
IVECO Stralis AS440S46T/FPLT mit Kipphydraulik Euro6 ZV - Tractor unit: picture 5
See all photos (11)

IVECO Stralis AS440S46T/FPLT mit Kipphydraulik Euro6 ZV

Tractor unit
2016550000 km4x2Euro 6459 hpGross weight: 18000 kg
Austria, Gewerbestrasse 2, 5301 Eugendorf
Published: 5mo 14dReference number HIGT5235

19 500EUR

Price excl. VAT

  • ≈ 22 173 USD
  • ≈ 16 559 GBP
2016550000 km4x2Euro 6459 hpGross weight: 18000 kg
Austria, Gewerbestrasse 2, 5301 Eugendorf
IVECO PRE-OWNED Center Austria
5
I
Contact the seller
IVECO Stralis AS440S48T/FP LT - Tractor unit: picture 1
IVECO Stralis AS440S48T/FP LT - Tractor unit: picture 2
IVECO Stralis AS440S48T/FP LT - Tractor unit: picture 3
IVECO Stralis AS440S48T/FP LT - Tractor unit: picture 4
IVECO Stralis AS440S48T/FP LT - Tractor unit: picture 5
See all photos (9)

IVECO Stralis AS440S48T/FP LT

Tractor unit
2019479903 km4x2Euro 6479 hpPayload: 10009 kgGross weight: 18000 kg
Croatia, Karlovacka 98, 10250 Zagreb, Croatia
Published: 5mo 19dReference number 386238

28 000EUR

Price excl. VAT

  • ≈ 31 838 USD
  • ≈ 23 777 GBP
2019479903 km4x2Euro 6479 hpPayload: 10009 kgGross weight: 18000 kg
Croatia, Karlovacka 98, 10250 Zagreb, Croatia
BENUSSI d.o.o.
4
I
Contact the seller
IVECO Stralis AS440S40T/P - Tractor unit: picture 1
IVECO Stralis AS440S40T/P - Tractor unit: picture 2
IVECO Stralis AS440S40T/P - Tractor unit: picture 3
IVECO Stralis AS440S40T/P - Tractor unit: picture 4
IVECO Stralis AS440S40T/P - Tractor unit: picture 5
See all photos (10)

IVECO Stralis AS440S40T/P

Tractor unit
2018436026 km4x2Euro 6399 hpPayload: 10384 kgGross weight: 18000 kg
Croatia, Karlovacka 98, 10250 Zagreb, Croatia
Published: 6mo 4dReference number 387587

17 000EUR

Price excl. VAT

  • ≈ 19 330 USD
  • ≈ 14 436 GBP
2018436026 km4x2Euro 6399 hpPayload: 10384 kgGross weight: 18000 kg
Croatia, Karlovacka 98, 10250 Zagreb, Croatia
BENUSSI d.o.o.
4
I
Contact the seller
IVECO Stralis Iveco AS440S48T/FP LT - Tractor unit: picture 1
IVECO Stralis Iveco AS440S48T/FP LT - Tractor unit: picture 2
IVECO Stralis Iveco AS440S48T/FP LT - Tractor unit: picture 3
IVECO Stralis Iveco AS440S48T/FP LT - Tractor unit: picture 4
IVECO Stralis Iveco AS440S48T/FP LT - Tractor unit: picture 5
See all photos (9)

IVECO Stralis Iveco AS440S48T/FP LT

Tractor unit
2016806978 km4x2Euro 6479 hpPayload: 9990 kgGross weight: 18000 kg
Croatia, Karlovacka 98, 10250 Zagreb, Croatia
Published: 7mo 7dReference number V25251

15 900EUR

Price excl. VAT

  • ≈ 18 079 USD
  • ≈ 13 501 GBP
2016806978 km4x2Euro 6479 hpPayload: 9990 kgGross weight: 18000 kg
Croatia, Karlovacka 98, 10250 Zagreb, Croatia
BENUSSI d.o.o.
4
I
Contact the seller
Iveco Stralis AD440X42T/P 4x2, Ex- - Tractor unit: picture 1
Iveco Stralis AD440X42T/P 4x2, Ex- - Tractor unit: picture 2
Iveco Stralis AD440X42T/P 4x2, Ex- - Tractor unit: picture 3
Iveco Stralis AD440X42T/P 4x2, Ex- - Tractor unit: picture 4
Iveco Stralis AD440X42T/P 4x2, Ex- - Tractor unit: picture 5
See all photos (15)

Iveco Stralis AD440X42T/P 4x2, Ex-

Tractor unit
200927950 km4x2Euro 5419 hpPayload: 11190 kgGross weight: 18000 kg
Germany, Alte Bundesstr. 48, D-37120 Bovenden / Göttingen, Germany
Published: 7mo 31dReference number 87640

24 900EUR

Price excl. VAT

  • ≈ 28 313 USD
  • ≈ 21 144 GBP
200927950 km4x2Euro 5419 hpPayload: 11190 kgGross weight: 18000 kg
Germany, Alte Bundesstr. 48, D-37120 Bovenden / Göttingen, Germany
Gassmann GmbH
19
Contact the seller
Iveco Stralis AD440X42T/P 4x2, Ex- - Tractor unit: picture 1
Iveco Stralis AD440X42T/P 4x2, Ex- - Tractor unit: picture 2
Iveco Stralis AD440X42T/P 4x2, Ex- - Tractor unit: picture 3
Iveco Stralis AD440X42T/P 4x2, Ex- - Tractor unit: picture 4
Iveco Stralis AD440X42T/P 4x2, Ex- - Tractor unit: picture 5
See all photos (15)

Iveco Stralis AD440X42T/P 4x2, Ex-

Tractor unit
200938804 km4x2Euro 5419 hpPayload: 11190 kgGross weight: 18000 kg
Germany, Alte Bundesstr. 48, D-37120 Bovenden / Göttingen, Germany
Published: 7mo 31dReference number 87641

22 900EUR

Price excl. VAT

  • ≈ 26 039 USD
  • ≈ 19 446 GBP
200938804 km4x2Euro 5419 hpPayload: 11190 kgGross weight: 18000 kg
Germany, Alte Bundesstr. 48, D-37120 Bovenden / Göttingen, Germany
Gassmann GmbH
19
Contact the seller
1 / 2
12
Page 1 of 2
Prices for  Tractor units IVECO Stralis 440
Iveco Stralis AS440 LNGNew, year of manufacture: 2021, mileage: 495500 km, axle configuration: 4x2, emission class: Euro 6, power output: 460 hp, gross weight: 18000 kg23 500 EUR
Iveco Stralis AS440S50 Active Space, Euro 6, / ADR / Blower Drum, ADRyear of manufacture: 2014, mileage: 857958 km, axle configuration: 4x2, emission class: Euro 6, power output: 440 hp, payload: 11941 kg, gross weight: 19800 kg11 450 EUR
IVECO Stralis AT440S40T/P Euro6 Intarder Klima ZVyear of manufacture: 2018, mileage: 408950 km, axle configuration: 4x2, emission class: Euro 6, power output: 399 hp, payload: 10890 kg, gross weight: 18000 kg31 970,54 EUR
IVECO Stralis AS440S48T/P XPyear of manufacture: 2017, mileage: 505600 km, axle configuration: 4x2, emission class: Euro 6, power output: 479 hp, gross weight: 18000 kg38 000 EUR
IVECO Stralis AS440S46T/Pyear of manufacture: 2015, mileage: 809687 km, axle configuration: 4x2, emission class: Euro 6, power output: 459 hp, payload: 10450 kg, gross weight: 18000 kg14 900 EUR
IVECO Stralis AS440S48T/Pyear of manufacture: 2018, mileage: 398706 km, axle configuration: 4x2, emission class: Euro 6, power output: 479 hp, gross weight: 18000 kg38 000 EUR
IVECO Stralis AS440S46T/Pyear of manufacture: 2016, mileage: 848258 km, axle configuration: 4x2, emission class: Euro 6, power output: 459 hp, payload: 10450 kg, gross weight: 18000 kg14 900 EUR
IVECO Stralis AS440S48T/FP-LTyear of manufacture: 2014, mileage: 708667 km, axle configuration: 4x2, emission class: Euro 6, power output: 479 hp, payload: 10000 kg, gross weight: 18000 kg16 900 EUR
IVECO Stralis AS440S40T/Pyear of manufacture: 2018, mileage: 436026 km, axle configuration: 4x2, emission class: Euro 6, power output: 399 hp, payload: 10384 kg, gross weight: 18000 kg17 000 EUR
Iveco Stralis AS440S42 4x2, Retarderyear of manufacture: 2006, mileage: 1238693 km, axle configuration: 4x2, emission class: Euro 5, power output: 419 hp, payload: 10300 kg, gross weight: 18000 kg8 900 EUR
T1 new listing page - Tractor units IVECO Stralis 440
By clicking any link or object on this website, you unconditionally agree and authorize us to process your personal data, including the use of cookies and other tracking technologies. It is implemented to enhance and personalize your experience on this website, other our websites and websites of third-party advertisers cooperating with us. Our partnering companies may also store cookies on your device or use similar technologies to collect and process the personal information. Learn more about how we treat your private information.